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Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification (MOSAIC): A Comprehensive Overview.

The Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification (MOSAIC) initiative represents a pivotal moment in general aviation, particularly for pilots holding or aspiring to obtain a Sport Pilot Certificate. Developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), MOSAIC aims to update regulations governing Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA) and pilot privileges to better align with advancements in aircraft technology, safety data, and the evolving needs of the aviation community.

This blog provides a detailed analysis of MOSAIC, its potential implications, and how it might reshape the future of sport pilot certification and general aviation.

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What is MOSAIC?

MOSAIC is a regulatory overhaul intended to modernize the Special Airworthiness Certification process for aircraft. At its core, it seeks to:

1. Expand the definition of Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA).
2. Broaden the privileges of Sport Pilot Certificate holders.
3. Reduce regulatory barriers for experimental and kit-built aircraft.

The initiative is still in development, with the FAA refining its proposal based on industry feedback and safety data. While not yet fully approved or implemented, MOSAIC is expected to bring significant changes to the landscape of general aviation when finalized.

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Current Limits for Sport Pilots and LSA

Aircraft Limitations

Currently, sport pilots are restricted to flying Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA), which must meet these criteria:

• Maximum Takeoff Weight: 1,320 lbs (1,430 lbs for seaplanes).
• Maximum Stall Speed: 45 knots (51 mph).
• Maximum Speed in Level Flight: 120 knots (138 mph).
• Seats: Two, including the pilot.
• Propulsion: Single, fixed-pitch propeller.
• Landing Gear: Fixed.
  
  

Operational Restrictions

Sport pilots face several operational limits, including:

• Flying only during daylight hours.
• Operating under Visual Flight Rules (VFR).
• Carrying no more than one passenger.
• Avoiding controlled airspace unless properly trained and endorsed.

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Proposed Changes Under MOSAIC

MOSAIC seeks to address these limitations by revising the definition of LSA and expanding sport pilot privileges:

1. Aircraft Weight and Performance

• The maximum weight limit for LSA may increase significantly, potentially up to 3,000 lbs. This would include many popular general aviation aircraft like the Cessna 172.
• New performance parameters, such as increased stall speeds and cruising speeds, are under consideration to accommodate a broader range of aircraft.

2. Passenger and Equipment Capabilities

• MOSAIC may permit sport pilots to carry more than one passenger, subject to aircraft limitations.
• Aircraft with retractable landing gear and constant-speed propellers may become eligible for sport pilot use.

3. Operational Privileges

• Sport pilots might gain additional privileges, such as night flying and operations in controlled airspace, with proper endorsements.
• Training requirements for these privileges could become more streamlined and accessible.

4. Inclusion of New Aircraft Categories

• MOSAIC could open the door for sport pilots to fly larger, more complex general aviation aircraft that currently exceed LSA specifications.

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Why Broaden Sport Pilot Privileges?

Several factors have influenced the FAA’s decision to expand sport pilot privileges under MOSAIC:

1. Safety Data

The accident rate for Light-Sport Aircraft and sport pilots is relatively low compared to traditional general aviation. This suggests that sport pilots, despite their limited training, can operate safely under the existing framework.

2. Technological Advances

Modern LSA designs have become increasingly sophisticated, blurring the line between light-sport and general aviation aircraft. Expanding the definition of LSA would better reflect these advancements.

3. Pilot Shortage and Accessibility

General aviation faces a growing pilot shortage. By broadening the scope of sport pilot privileges, MOSAIC could make aviation more accessible and encourage more people to pursue flying.

4. Industry Advocacy

The aviation industry has strongly supported MOSAIC, arguing that the current LSA regulations are outdated and unnecessarily restrictive.

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Future Implications for the Sport Pilot Certificate

Will the Sport Pilot Certificate Grow Closer to a Private Pilot Certificate?

Yes, the proposed changes suggest that the sport pilot certificate could become more similar to a private pilot certificate. With expanded aircraft options and operational privileges, sport pilots may enjoy greater flexibility while still benefiting from the streamlined training and medical requirements of the sport pilot framework.

Potential Benefits

• Wider Aircraft Selection: The inclusion of larger and more capable aircraft would make sport pilot certification more appealing.
• Increased Utility: Broader privileges, such as night flying and controlled airspace access, would enhance the practicality of a sport pilot certificate.
• Career Pathways: A more robust sport pilot certificate could serve as a stepping stone for aspiring professional pilots.

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Examples of Aircraft Eligible for Sport Pilots

Factory-Built LSA Aircraft

1. ICON A5
   • Type: Amphibious light-sport aircraft.
   • Key Features: Folding wings, intuitive controls, ideal for recreational flying.
2. Flight Design CTLS
   • Type: High-wing LSA.
   • Key Features: Advanced avionics, excellent fuel efficiency.
3. Tecnam P92 Echo
   • Type: High-wing trainer.
   • Key Features: Easy handling, reliable performance.

Kit-Built LSA Aircraft

1. Van’s Aircraft RV-12
   • Type: Low-wing LSA.
   • Key Features: Customizable, versatile, great performance.
2. Sonex Aircraft Waiex-B
   • Type: Sporty kit-built LSA.
   • Key Features: Aerobatic capability, compact design.

General Aviation Aircraft for Sport Pilots (Current)

1. Ercoupe 415C
   • A legacy GA aircraft that qualifies as an LSA due to its weight and performance.
2. Piper J-3 Cub
   • A classic, simple aircraft ideal for recreational flying.

Future Aircraft for Sport Pilots (Post-MOSAIC)

• Cessna 172: If the weight limits increase, this iconic trainer may become accessible to sport pilots.
• Piper PA-28 Cherokee: Another popular general aviation aircraft that could qualify under expanded LSA criteria.

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FAQs About MOSAIC and Sport Pilot Certification

Can Sport Pilots Fly a Cessna 172?

Currently, no. The Cessna 172 exceeds the weight and performance limits for LSA. However, MOSAIC may change this by increasing weight limits, making the Cessna 172 eligible for sport pilots.

How Many Passengers Can a Sport Pilot Carry?

Under current regulations, sport pilots may carry only one passenger. MOSAIC could allow more passengers, depending on aircraft capabilities and FAA approval.

What Could the Future Hold for Sport Pilots?

• Expanded privileges could make sport pilot certification more versatile and appealing.
• Better access to advanced aircraft and operational capabilities may blur the line between sport and private pilot certifications.
• Increased industry support for MOSAIC could lead to faster adoption of these changes.

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What is Standard Airworthiness Certificate and a Special Airworthiness Certificate.

It is important for Sport Pilots and Private Pilots to understand the difference between a standard airworthiness certificate and a special airworthiness certificate because the type of certification directly impacts what aircraft they are permitted to fly, how those aircraft are maintained, and the operational limitations they must follow. Here’s the differences so you can understand them better.

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Standard Airworthiness Certificate

• Purpose: Issued to aircraft designed and built to meet strict FAA safety and performance standards (Federal Aviation Regulations, FAR Part 21). These aircraft are typically used in commercial operations, general aviation, or transportation.
• Aircraft Types:
  • Commercial airliners (e.g., Boeing 737, Airbus A320).
  • General aviation aircraft (e.g., Cessna 172, Piper Cherokee).
  • Business jets and corporate aircraft.
• Categories: Aircraft with a standard airworthiness certificate fall into one of the following categories:
  1. Normal: Typical for non-complex aircraft used for personal or business flying.
  2. Utility: For aircraft performing mild aerobatics or training maneuvers.
  3. Acrobatic: Designed for full aerobatic maneuvers.
  4. Transport: Includes large passenger or cargo aircraft.
  5. Commuter: Small aircraft used in regional passenger operations.
  6. Manned Free Balloons: Hot air balloons for recreational or commercial purposes.
     
• Requirements:
  • Aircraft must be factory-built and meet type certification standards.
  • Maintenance and operations must strictly adhere to FAA-approved guidelines.
  • Any modifications or repairs must meet FAA certification standards.
• Use Case: These aircraft are approved for a wide range of operations, including carrying passengers or cargo for hire and other commercial purposes.

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Special Airworthiness Certificate

• Purpose: Issued to aircraft that do not meet all the requirements for a standard airworthiness certificate but are deemed safe for specific purposes. These are typically for non-commercial operations, research, or experimental activities.
• Aircraft Types:
  • Experimental aircraft (e.g., homebuilt or amateur-built airplanes like the Vans RV-7).
  • Light-Sport Aircraft (e.g., ICON A5, Flight Design CTLS).
  • Agricultural aircraft (e.g., crop dusters).
  • Military surplus aircraft operated in the civilian sector.
    
• Categories: Special airworthiness certificates include multiple subcategories, such as:
  1. Experimental: Aircraft used for testing, amateur building, or research.
  2. Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA): Factory-built or kit-built light aircraft operated under less stringent rules than standard certificates.
  3. Restricted: Aircraft performing specific tasks like agricultural spraying, aerial surveying, or firefighting.
  4. Provisional: Temporarily certifying aircraft for specific purposes like testing or early deliveries before full compliance is achieved.
  5. Primary: Low-production aircraft used for non-commercial purposes.
  6. Limited: Aircraft with historical or unique designs, such as warbirds.
     
• Requirements:
  • These aircraft may not meet full type certification standards.
  • They often require special maintenance or operational restrictions, like adhering to limited flight areas or conditions.
  • Owners/operators are responsible for ensuring the airworthiness of the aircraft.
• Use Case: Special airworthiness certificates are primarily used for personal flying, research and development, education, airshows, and specific non-commercial applications.

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Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification (MOSAIC) – Key Differences.

Feature	Standard Airworthiness Certificate	Special Airworthiness Certificate
Aircraft Type	Fully type-certified, factory-built aircraft.	Experimental, LSA, or special-purpose aircraft.
Regulatory Standards	Meets rigorous FAA airworthiness and type certification.	May not meet all type certification standards.
Usage	Passenger transport, cargo operations, personal flying.	Research, development, education, non-commercial uses.
Restrictions	Fewer operational restrictions.	Often limited to specific conditions or geographic areas.
Maintenance Standards	Strict FAA-certified maintenance programs.	Maintenance may vary; owners often assume more responsibility.

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Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification (MOSAIC) – Practical Example

• Cessna 172: Operates under a standard airworthiness certificate for personal or commercial use (e.g., flight training, sightseeing tours).
• Vans RV-10: Operates under a special airworthiness certificate in the experimental category because it is an amateur-built aircraft.

Understanding these distinctions helps pilots, owners, and operators select the appropriate certification for their aircraft based on intended use and compliance requirements.

Final Thoughts

The Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification (MOSAIC) promises to be a game-changer for sport pilots and the broader aviation community. By updating regulations to reflect modern aircraft capabilities and safety data, MOSAIC could make flying more accessible, practical, and enjoyable for all.

For light-sport pilots like you, these changes represent an exciting opportunity to expand your horizons, potentially allowing you to fly larger and more capable aircraft without the need for a private pilot certificate. Stay tuned for updates as the FAA finalizes and implements these transformative changes.

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Author

Brendon McAliece (Aka Gunnie) is a military veteran with 23 years working on Jet Fighters, their weapons systems and ejection seat/module systems as well as munitions and R&D. Involved with flight simulation since the 1980s, he has flown all the major flight simulators over the years.

He is an Australian expat who has lived in Malaysia, UK, Saudi Arabia and more recently Thailand. He is a multi-lingual blogger who loves to share his life experiences here on LetsFlyVFR.com and DreamingGuitar.com, with his lifestyle and Travel experiences Blog plus his Dreaming Coffee website.

Learn More @ DreamingGuitar.com – DreamingCoffee.com – LetsFlyVFR.com

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